weekly assignment(13)Risk Management

Risk Management

危機管理

HOW CAN RISKS BE REDUCED OR ELIMINATED?

如何降低或消除危機？

Loss-control activities fall into three categories. LOSS AVOIDANCE--avoiding or abandoning risky activities--is usually impractical for schools because so many of their activities are mandated. Schools can avoid new risks by examining proposed activities before they are implemented (Randal 1986).

損失控制活動分為三種。避免損失—避免或放棄危險性活動—對學校而言通常不太行得通，因為有許多活動是早就法定了的。學校可以透過在執行已提出的活動前，先做檢核以避免新的危險。

LOSS PREVENTION efforts seek to reduce the frequency of losses. Maintenance, supervision, and instruction are key areas for loss-prevention planning. For example, preventive maintenance extends the life of boilers and other mechanical systems; increasing supervision in hallways and cafeterias decreases incidents of school crime and violence; and instructing students in the safe use of athletic equipment reduces injuries.

預防損失--努力尋找降低損失的發生次數。維持，監管，和教育是預防損失的關鍵要素。例如，預防保養能延續鍋爐和其他機械系統的壽命；強化對玄關和自助餐廳的監管能降低學校犯罪和暴力的意外事件發生；而教育學生如何安全使用體育器材則會降低受傷機會。

The goal of LOSS REDUCTION is to reduce the severity of unavoidable losses. Some activities, such as installing automatic sprinkler systems in case of fire, seek to MINIMIZE damage. SALVAGE actions, such as providing counseling after a school tragedy to reduce emotional damage to staff and students, take place after a loss.

減少損失的目的是降低無可避免的損失的嚴重程度。一些活動，例如安裝自動灑水裝置以避免火災，讓損害減到最小。搶救行動，例如在校園悲劇發生後提供諮商以降低在損失發生後，對學校教職員或學生的情緒傷害。

Successfully implementing loss-control activities involves three steps: (1) creating policies and procedures, (2) communicating them to all concerned, and (3) enforcing them consistently. These steps are essential whatever the area of risk, whether the goal is preventing on-the-job injuries, administering discipline without violating students' rights, or keeping playgrounds hazard-free.

成功的實施損失控制活動包含下列三個步驟：（1）研議出對策和程序，（2）與所有相關的人士溝通，以及（3）強力執行絕不稍懈。對任何危機要素來說，不管目標是在預防職傷，執行不影響學生人權的紀律，或者是維持無危險的遊戲場，這些步驟都是最基本的。

HOW CAN SCHOOL DISTRICTS FINANCE UNAVOIDABLE RISKS?

學區如何為無可避免的危險籌措資金？

Purchasing insurance is the most common type of RISK TRANSFER. Districts also may transfer or assume risks in contracts and other agreements. Contracts should be carefully reviewed; Johnston (1993) cites an example in which proper wording in a transportation contract protected a district from $1 million in claims after a fatal bus accident. Clear rules governing use of school facilities should be part of any community-use agreement, and user groups should be required to provide insurance unless the district is willing to assume liability (Morley 1990).

買保險是最常見的風險轉移。學區也能夠轉移或將危險定在契約或協議中。契約應該仔細地檢視；Johnston (1993)指出一個在運輸契約中適當措辭的案例，一個學區因為簽了這個契約使得在一場致命的巴士意外中獲得一百萬美金的賠償。管理學校設施使用的詳細規定應該部分是任何社區使用的協定，以及用戶群應該有必要去提供保險除非學區願意自行負責(Morley 1990)。

The INSURANCE DEDUCTIBLE, a set portion of a loss a district agrees to pay in return for a premium reduction, is one form of RISK RETENTION. Another is SELF-INSURANCE. Self-insuring can save districts money and increase budgetary stability by avoiding cyclic fluctuations in the commercial insurance market, but it demands considerable expertise and long-term planning. Small districts may combine resources in INSURANCE POOLS to self-insure on a group basis.

保險扣除條款，一個學區同意去支付一部分損失作為對額外損失的補貼，是一種風險保留的型態。另一個是自我保險。自我保險可以幫學區省錢，並且在商業保險市場上，透過避免循環的波動，增進預算的穩定性，但它需要相當的專業知識和長期規劃。小型學區可能在團體的基礎下，合併共同保險資金的資源以辦理自我保險。

Two types of self-insurance must be distinguished. In the first type, also called SELF-FUNDING, funds are set aside in anticipation of future losses and regular payments are made to increase this reserve. This method spreads out the cost of major losses over time (Randal). In the second approach, sometimes called GOING BARE, losses are paid out of current operating monies (Cheng and Yahr 1989). A catastrophic loss could devastate an unfunded district.

兩種類型的自我保險必須區分清楚。第一種類型，又叫做資金自籌，即撥出資金以備未來虧損和做定期繳款來增加這項儲備金。這個方法分攤了隨著時間推移而損失的主要費用(Randal)。第二種類型，有時叫做赤身裸體，損失全花在目前流動的資金上 (Cheng and Yahr 1989)。一個災難性的虧損能夠摧毀一個未設置籌備資金的學區。

Districts typically combine transfer and retention. Insurance policies with deductibles are a nearly universal example. Many districts self-insure one or two areas of risk and purchase insurance for the rest. The optimal combination of risk-financing options depends on a district's needs and resources (Johnson).

一般來說學區合併轉移和保留。有扣除條款的保險政策是一個全球皆然的範例。許多學區自辦一個或兩個危機範疇內的保險並且剩下的就靠買保險。財務風險的最佳選擇端賴學區需求和資源(Johnson)。

資料來源：

http://www.ericdigests.org/1994/risk.htm

本譯文僅做課堂上學術交流討論使用，特此聲明。